Iodine: Properties, Uses and Dangers

ace Properties, Uses and DangersIntroduction iodine is an indispensable micronutrient required in bantam amounts for the normal physiological fly the coop of the human body 1. one is a critical component of the thyroid gland hormones, which be necessary for various metabolic and enzymatic processes. These processes include control of the bodys metabolic rate, increase and development, neuron ply and development. The recommended dietary in germinate for adult men and non-pregnant women is one hundred fifty g/d, 220-250 g/d for pregnant women and 250-290 g/d for breastfeeding women (American thyroid Association) 2. Seafood, dairy products, and plants grown in iodin-rich soils be decent sources of ace as food 3. Most other foods contain low amounts of unity so individuals require additional sources to meet the recommended amounts. Insufficient intake of tincture of single results in a variety of disorders referred to as single deficiency disorders (IDD). They include genial impairment, goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland), hypothyroidism, and d fightfism 1-3. IDD is especially destructive during the early stages of motherhood and in early childhood. In their most severe pee, IDD include cretinism (extreme cocktail dress of neurological damage from fetal hypothyroidism), stillbirth and miscarriage, and increased infant mortality. IDD is a noteworthy public health problem in more than 50 countries. According, to the World Health Organization (2004) 4 an estimated 2 billion people worldwide (35.2% of the world population) suffer from inadequate unity intake. Iodide is crucial to thyroid liaison in vertebrates, with vital implications for human health. It is important to recall that more than 95% of total atomic number 53 necessary for humans is accumulated in the thyroid gland.The history of therapeutic use of iodine dates back centuries. It has been described as the most potent antiseptic available. However, its therapeutic uses requir e careful military rating because of its narrow range of intake to support optimal thyroid function 5. One of the most notable features of iodine as an antiseptic is the overleap of selection of resistant strains. Only one report of iodine foe has been published 6. The behaviour of iodine- ground antiseptics on skin was investigated by Gottardi in 1995. ace antiseptics have wide scope of antimicrobial activity, killing all spark advance pathogens and given enough time even spores. unity based preparations and iodine salts are widely employ as antimicrobial remedies, especially in the excogitate of alcoholic solutions. This is due to the broad antimicrobial activity of iodine and the low cost of iodine components 7. However, at that place is considerable controversy almost the maximum safe iodine and duration of use. Povidone-iodine preparations are widely used as an antiseptic to prepare patients skin to begin with surgery and are similarly used by surgeons and theatre c ater as a skin cleaner and antiseptic in surgical hand scrubs 8. Many other wound dressing worldly containing iodine are Inadine, Iodosorb, Iodoflex, Iodozyme, Repithel etc. 9.The antimicrobial property of iodine has been utilize for irrigate disinfection since First world war to disinfect drinking water for troops in France and subsequently, US army during second world war used Globalin (tetraglycine hydroperiodide) tablets 10. Iodine based disinfectant has been in use by NASA in space flights 11. Today iodine based disinfection materials are principally available in two forms, as iodine solution and iodine resin 12. Iodine resins are solid-phase iodine disinfectants. Iodine resins are in general regarded as demand release disinfectants 12.Starting in the early 1990s increasing interest in the chemistry of polyvalent organic reagents is also notable and since then an innumerable of reports on the use of such compounds in organic synthesis have been published 13. Wijs reagent, a solution of iodine monochloride in acetic acid and can be prepared from a mixture of iodine and iodine trichloride, is used for the estimation of the iodine valuate of fats and oils 14.However there are various problems associated with the use of free iodine, analogous excess iodine ingestion cause thyroid disorders, irritation of tissues and on the spur of the moment duration of action when used as antimicrobial remedies and high layer of instability 15. These problems were overcome by the development of iodophores. Iodophores are mixedes between iodine and a solubilising agent or carrier to increase the solubility and extend the release of iodine. In an sedimentary iodophore solution, iodine is set out in the form of different thermodynamically stable anionic iodine species and diatomic iodine 16. Anionic species of iodine could interact with cationic groups of various polymers and form polymeric iodophores as ionic complexes. Four types of carriers have been generally u sed-i) Polyoxymer iodophores.ii) cationic surfactant iodophores.iii) Non-ionic surfactant iodophores.iv) Polyvinyl-pyrrolidine iodophores (also known as povidone iodine or PVP-I).In most of these carriers iodine is present in aggregates (or micelles) of surfactants, which act as origin of iodine. Polyoxymer iodophore are complexes of non-ionic copolymers with iodine. In case of non-ionic surfactant iodophore the complex formation take place through donor-acceptor mechanism with the surfactant ethereal oxygen (as donor) and iodine (as acceptor) 17. PVP with iodine forms a stable charge-transfer complex. In PVP-I solutions, free species of iodine are formally controlled by the mass action law including a conjugate reversible interaction between iodineiodide, triiodidepolymer and iodinetriiodidepolymer complexes 18. In 1981, Cadexomer iodine was developed as another means of delivering benign iodine. Cadexomer is a derived function of dextrines (containing some number of carboxyl gr oups) cross-linked with epichlorohydrin and exits in the form of water-insoluble microbeads 0.9% of molecular iodine is physically (not chemically) trapped in the core of these microbeads 19. Solubility of elemental iodine increases in the presence of iodide ions, such as potassium iodide, where iodine reacts to form tri-iodide ions. Aqueous solutions of iodine are not stable and, depending on conditions, many different species may be present. Of these, it is believed that molecular iodine (I2) has the highest antimicrobial potential. perceptual constancy is influenced by pH and activity diminishes with increased alkalinity and storage time 20. The septet principal iodine species found in aqueous solution are I2, HOI, OI, H2OI+, I3, I, of which unless hydrated iodine (I2), hypoiodous acid (HOI) and iodine cation (H2OI+) birth bactericidal activity. At physiologically compatible pH and low concentrations, the only species of importance are I, I2 and I3 21. The type and nature of the iodine species present in the iodine-polymer complexes depends on the nature of the polymer. Many iodine- synthetic polymers complexes were known to beat the release of iodine like povidone-iodine (Betadine), iodine incorporated resins (quaternary ammonium polymers), iodpolycom complex (vinylpyrrolidone and butyl methacrylate) 7, 18, 19 etc. Medical research of the Sklifosovskiy Research Institute and the guinea pig essence for Toxicological and biological Safety of Medical Products (Report No. 5-10, Jan 11. 2012) 7 demonstrated that the complexed iodine exerted no burning effects on surrounding tissues. However there are some disadvantages associated with iodine-artificial polymers like non-biodegradability, toxicity, expensive etc. which can be overcome by using natural gums.ReferencesJ. Agarwal, C. S. Pandav, M. G. Karmarkar, S. Nair, Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National corking Region of Delhi, Public Heath Nu trition, 145 754-757 (2010).American thyroidal Association, news release, June, 5, (2013).S. F. 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